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December 29, 2015

How Using Gold Nanoparticles Develop Novel Nanosurgery Technique?

Nanotechnology in today’s society are more and more mature, the future development of new technologies provide a higher standard of living, the scientists are trying hard to explore new areas. A research team led by Professor Michel Meunier from the Polytechnique Montréal has developed a novel transfection technique using gold nanoparticles and a femtosecond laser to change cancer cells’ genetic material.

In this technique, silver nanoparticle and gold nanoparticles are deposited on the cells to concentrate the laser energy and enable it conduct a nano-scale surgery in a highly accurate non-invasive manner. This method is capable of changing the gene expression in the cancer cells to slow down their movement, thus preventing metastases formation. This pioneering achievement in nanosurgery paves the way to advance cancer treatments and other innovative medical applications.

This technique is a promising replacement for traditional cellular transfection techniques like lipofection. In the experiment on malignant human melanoma cells, this method showed an optoporation efficacy of 70% and a transfection performance three folds better than that of lipofection treatment. Moreover, contrary to traditional treatments that destroy the cells’ physical integrity, the novel technique ensures cellular viability with below 1% of toxicity.

This significant scientific advancement opens the door to develop promising applications such as novel therapeutic methods in cardiology, neurology, and oncology. The Polytechnique Montréal team works in partnership with scientists from the Department of Medicine at the McGill University Health Centre.

This project is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Canada Research Chairs program, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, and the Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies.

The research team has reported their findings in the journal Biomaterials.

December 22, 2015

Nanoparticles In Modern Life

Nano-materials with traditional materials do not have the bizarre or unusual physical and chemical properties, such as the original conductive copper to a nanometer limit is not conductive, the original insulation silica, crystal, etc., when in a nanoscale boundaries electrical conduction. This is due to nano-materials with small particle size, surface area, surface energy is high, a large proportion of surface atoms, etc., as well as its unique three effects: surface effect, small size effect and macroscopic quantum tunneling effect.

Nowadays, nanoparticles, one of the “building blocks” of nanotechnology are all around us and have been with us throughout our history. Electron micrograph of gold nanoparticles is a snap shot of tiny gold crystals that are 1/10,000th the diameter of a human hair. In every aspect of our day to day lives, from the size of our personal electronic devices to the way diagnose and treat cancer; all part of the promised nanotechnology revolution, nanoparticles may soon transform it. The very word “nanotechnology” seems to suggest something alien; something that belongs far in the future or in the realm of our favorite sci-fi movies.

Gold nanopowders were with us when human beings began making their first tools, and they are present in products we buy at the grocery store every day. They largely flew under the radar until electron microscopes become commonplace several decades ago, but now, the more we turn our microscopes on everyday objects, the more nanoparticles we seem to find.

Even the most seemingly mundane objects can give rise to nanoparticles; detecting them is simply a matter of being able to look closely enough to see them (no simple matter for such small materials). You could find nanoparticles in your jewelry box or the drawer with your family’s fanciest silverware.

I got to see this first hand while I was working in the Hutchison lab at the University of Oregon several years ago.1 Some of my colleagues were trying to understand why silver nanoparticles change size and shape so rapidly, even when they are just left in storage on the shelf. Because they saw such rapid changes in the size and shape of silver nanoparticles, they thought to look and see if large every day pieces of silver and copper (Sterling silver forks, earrings, and wires) might give off nanoparticles.2 To test this, they simply left the fork (or any of the other items) on an electron microscopy grid for several hours, then took the fork away, and had a peek at what it had left behind. Surprisingly, they found that the silver and copper items had left silver and copper nanoparticles behind all over the grid; a most elegant demonstration that human beings can come into contact with a variety of nanoparticles, even in our own homes. Forks and earrings are merely the tip of the iceberg, though. Wherever we go during our day-to-day routine we can encounter nanoparticles (both synthetic and natural).

Synthetic nanoparticles (sometimes called anthropogenic nanoparticles) fall into two general categories: “incidental” and “engineered” nanoparticles. Incidental nanoparticles are the byproducts of human activities, generally have poorly controlled sizes and shapes, and may be made of a hodge-podge of different elements. Many of the processes that generate incidental nanoparticles are common every day activities: running diesel engines, large-scale mining, and even starting a fire.

Engineered nanoparticles on the other hand, have been specifically designed and deliberately synthesized by human beings. Not surprisingly, they have very precisely controlled sizes, shapes, and compositions. They may even contain “layers” with different chemical compositions(e.g. a core made out of gold, covered in a shell of silica, and coated with specifically chosen antibodies). Although engineered nanoparticles get more sophisticated with each passing year, simple engineered nanoparticles can be created by relatively simple chemical reactions that have been within the scope of chemists and alchemists for many centuries. This means that long before people could “see” a nanoparticle through an electron microscope, human beings were both deliberately and accidentally generating a wide variety of these materials.

December 14, 2015

Some Risk of Tiny Nanoparticles

Nanotechnology poses a question for occupational health and safety professionals. Does this technology, and the tiny nanoparticles that are its tools, pose an unintended risk of illness or injury for workers employed in the industry?

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in an effort to understand the health and safety consequences of nanomaterials forefront of work. A growing number of scientific publications of large research institutions, including just this week, the address of one type of nano-materials, especially Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes issued a new study, and seek to determine whether they have biological behave like asbestos. That is, if inhaled, is likely to cause irreparable nanotubes and deadly effects, such as those associated with asbestos exposure? Effects of asbestos, including severe lung fibrosis, or scarring, lung cancer, including lung or pleura called mesothelioma, a cancer of the lining.

The question of a comparison between carbon nanotubes and asbestos arises for several reasons. Some varieties of carbon nanotubes are similar in shape to asbestos fibers, and like asbestos, some varieties of carbon nanotubes have been shown in laboratory studies to persist in the lungs of laboratory animals. Some animal studies have even shown effects similar to those of asbestos.

Carbon nanotubes are tiny, cylindrical, manufactured forms of carbon. There is no single type of carbon nanotube. One type can differ from another in terms of shape (single-walled or multi-walled) or in chemical composition (pure carbon or containing metals or other materials). Carbon nanotube exposures can potentially occur not only in the process of manufacturing them, but also at the point of incorporating these materials into polymer composites, medical nanoapplications, and electronics.

The question of whether carbon nanotubes pose a toxicological hazard has been investigated since at least 2003. A challenge has been in determining if carbon nanotube materials used in the workplace have the same characteristics as those associated with biological responses in laboratory studies. Earlier studies used materials with high levels of other forms of carbon such as carbon black and high levels of metal catalyst.

Carbon nanotubes can vary widely in diameter, length, number of layers, and structures. They can also vary widely in surface composition, since certain carbon nanotubes may be “coated” with specific metals or other materials in order to perform specific functions. Also, they can clump together or agglomerate, which can affect their potential for settling in the lungs if inhaled, their ability to penetrate the body’s membranes and consequently move from the lungs to other organs, and their interaction with cells and tissue. Such variations bring an additional degree of complexity to risk assessment analysis for carbon nanotubes.

Asbestos-like responses to carbon nanotubes may not be entirely surprising to scientists, given previous toxicological and epidemiological studies of other biopersistent fibers since such studies show that once fibers are deposited in the lung, they stay there.6 However, questions have been raised about using these research findings for risk assessment analysis in the light of study limitations such as use of model animals, artificial administration methods, and sometimes extremely high doses, which are not representative of those exposures usually present in the workplace environment. Such limitations are not unusual for pioneering scientific studies. They simply mean that at this stage of the research, gaps remain that need to be closed by further study before quantitative risk assessment can be conducted.

December 10, 2015

About Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles

“Nano Silver” is “silver nanoparticles” is abbreviated or commonly known, refers to the particles of silver atoms, the particle size is generally in the range of 1-100 nm. Silver chunks of material surface having antibacterial properties already well known, the mechanism is located on the surface of the silver atoms in the oxygen environment may be slow oxidation, releasing free silver ions (Ag +), the silver ions with the wall of the bacteria mercapto binding, blocking the bacterial respiratory chain, eventually killing bacteria adhered to the surface of the material. For bulk material is silver, the oxidation process is extremely slow, the amount and rate of release of silver ions very low.

Some people are claiming for Silver Nanoparticles Antimicrobial and solutions to be bad without any proof. Dr. Flavin from the FDA actually stated that silver is in fact safe and can benefit the immune system.

Silver Nanoparticles are tiny particles of silver and are made with a very low application of electricity to pure silver. If the amount of electricity applied is too much, the silver particles will not be nano sized and it’s important that they are nanoparticles because they are small enough to affect viruses.

As far as the claims of silver being “toxic”. Have you ever seen any any effects from holding silver in your hand. The answer to that would be no. If silver were toxic, we couldn’t hold it with our bare hands safely.

In the air there are heavy metals like lead, mercury and cadmium we breathe in all the time. Most of this comes from industry and past weapons testing in the 1940’s and 1950’s. These metals also show up in our water supply. They are very dangerous metals and are proven to be toxic. Yet we are still alive.

Silver is not proven to be toxic at all.
There is a condition called argyria. This condition is real and used by organizations to scare people away. Argyria turns the skin a blue/gray color. This is caused from large amounts of impure silver build up in the skin. Impure silver has other material in it that is not supposed to be there like proteins, other metals, salt, etc.

The truth about argyria is that it is extremely rare. The only way to get argyria is to take poorly made impure silver solutions. Dr. Flavin, a former science assistant to the Director of Toxicology at the FDA, made a signed statement that says pure silver solutions are not toxic and admits that silver nanoparticles, are in fact proven to help the immune system. The link to this document is below.

All silver solutions should be nano sized and made from.999 pure silver. Any good pure silver nanoparticle solution provider will state the silver particle size and the ppm (parts per million) amount on the bottle or they will tell you if asked. Some companies have effectively made silver particles at.8 microns which is smaller than a nanoparticle.

Most providers will recommend taking 1/2 a teaspoon or smaller. Any silver that is not used by the body will be expelled through the urine when taken in small amounts.

Silver nano particles working the body.
The immune system can be preoccupied with other germs and bacteria. Even more if there is a virus present. When the immune system is working overtime, this can weaken the bodies defenses and allow germs, viruses and bacteria to grow since the immune system can’t keep up and kill them. This makes us sick.

The introduction of silver nanoparticles. Silver with positive charge viruses and harmful bacteria like negatively charged. Thus, when silver nanoparticles come into contact, it inhibits the viruses and bacteria, and kill them with natural anti-bacterial silver, antibiotics and anti-viral properties. When viruses and bacteria are put out of commission, which makes the natural immune system to grow and grow, what then take care of the rest. Very simple, but very effective.

December 2, 2015

Use of Nano Technology

Nano diamond also can be used in medicine for cancer, gastrointestinal disorders, skin disorders. It is non-toxic, non-carcinogenic or change the nature of rust. Nanodiamonds are super active adsorbent and biologically active positioning agent, greatly enhancing drug effect.

The Korea Science and Technology together with the Korea University has made a research that uncovered the effects of the nano-particles in killing bacteria and germs. However, their research showed that the nano-silver particles have microbe particles that are known to damage plants and animal cells that have been exposed to these particles.

Right after the research done, an alarm was raised to many washer companies and one of them was the Samsung Electronics which has been very active in their promotion of the nano diamond powder Health System in washers and their air conditioners.

Gu Man-bok, professor in the bioscience department of Korea University stated that their evaluation of the effects of the silver nano-particles on different organisms as well as the environment is now on going. They further stated that the experiments the department has been doing on rice fishes have shown that the toxic on these organisms has been high in concentration.

Gu further stated that his laboratory has joined hand in hand with the Ministry of Environment to do a research about the silver nano-particles effect on different forms of life and this was considered as a delayed effort due to the fact that many consumers have already purchased washers with this technology and they have already been exposed to these kinds of products. Silver-nano cutlery, electronics, clothes, toys, baby bottles and the face masks are also now being sold in the market.

In lieu of these researches, the government of USA is planning to ban the selling of these products starting next year of evidence of safety is not provided. However, the government of South Korea stated that it was not in their plans to regulate such products.

According to Yoon Jun-won, a researcher of National Institute of Environmental Research said that it is too early to decide whether they are going to regulate certain products or not because as of this time, there aren’t proven bad effects that are coming from these products.

For long, silver has been known to have the antiseptic effect and because of this, many Greeks in the olden days had used silver vessels for drinking water storage. Koreans have also chosen silver to make their chopsticks.

Because of this fact about silver, the modern technology has also maximized the used of silver as antibiotic. Through small particles with bigger surface areas, the particles can react with other materials more actively that is why many companies have taken advantage of the use of sliver particles that measure one nanometer.

In order to know the effects of the size of particles in sterilizing, Gu together with his colleagues has used a bacterium which was genetically modified to alter the damage that was incurred. Amazingly, it was out that super-oxide radical commonly described as deleterious molecules were produced by silver nano-particles and these radicals were not produced from normal silver ions.

LG Electronics as well as Samsung created washers with the silver-nano particles technology because of its power to kill bacteria. In fact, silver nano particles really kill bacteria, however; many scientists are still not certain of the safety it gives to humans. Hwang Ee-taek said that the research field is still in the elementary stage.

Another author who was also a part of the research said that many researchers are starting to become careful and aware of the results of the silver-nano particles to humans simply because of the worries that companies concerned may give them. Accordingly, this issue is such a sensitive one especially for big companies like Samsung.

November 23, 2015

Zinc Oxide Nanotechnology for Future

Nano Zinc Oxide is a new high for the 21st century, the function of high value-added fine inorganic chemical products. Its diameter is between 1100 nm, also known as ultrafine zinc oxide. Since the fine crystal grains, the surface electronic structure and crystal structure changes, resulting in a surface effect macroscopic objects do not have the volume effect, quantum size effect and macroscopic tunnel effect and high transparency, high dispersion characteristics. In recent years, we found that it demonstrated in catalysis, optics, magnetism, mechanics and so on a number of special features that make it in many areas of ceramics, chemicals, electronics, optics, biology, medicine and other important application value, can not have an ordinary zinc oxide compare specificity and purposes. Due to a series of nano zinc oxide rods are excellent and very attractive prospect, and therefore has become the focus of many research and development of nano-zinc oxide scientific and technical personnel concerned.

Nanotechnology is the science of constructing components, devices, materials and systems at a nanometer level which means “near-atomic.” The word “nano” is synonymous with one-billionth. So, in nanotechnology, the works and operations happen at the scale of 1/1,000,000,000 (one over one billionth) of a total meter. Such dimension or size is so small and thin. It is about 100,000 times smaller and slimmer than a strand of hair.

An atom, which is the building block of matter, is about this small. For instance, a DNA molecule, life’s blueprint and basic foundation of human genetics, is two nanometers in length. If a material is of this size, it is expected to have unique chemical and physical properties which are caused by several factors such as the significant increase in the surface area of the material as compared to its volume which happens when a particle becomes smaller.

Why is Nanotechnology Important?

Nanotechnology is playing a very important role today and in the future to change and improve every aspect of human activities. Nanotechnology influences a lot of materials used for manufacturing important items. These materials include biomaterials, ceramics, metals and polymers. The new and improved materials formed through nanotechnology are the source of most important technological advances. As of today, nanotechnology is used on following commercial applications:

Sunscreen Lotion – Through zinc oxide particles which have a “nano” size, ultraviolet (UV) rays are absorbed and reflected. As a result, sunscreen lotions appear transparent and are smooth when applied. Before, a sunscreen lotion is white and really sticky. Through, nanotechnology, these lotions are more attractive to customers.

Self-cleaning and scratch proof window – This kind of window is actually coated with a special material that has distinctive chemical properties. Once the sun shines on these self-cleaning windows, the material starts to have a chemical reaction and results to breaking down the dirt on it. Also, if there is rain, no droplets are formed. The rainwater is evenly spread on the window panel and it washes away the dirt that was broken down. The nanoscale controls the thickness of the layer.

Stain-repellent cloth or fabric – This is actually a fabric made of dipped woven rolls of cotton fabric in liquid form that has trillions of nanotechnology fibers. The cotton is dried inside an oven that binds these infinitesimal fibers of the cotton thread. As a result, the fabric becomes resistant to liquid although its physical appearance does not change.

Bouncing tennis ball – These balls are specially coated with a nano-sized material. The molecular barrier of the ball that formed because of these minute particles traps the molecules of air, thus, making the tennis ball bouncier.

Other Remarkable Uses of Nanotechnology:

– Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) – for monitor or TV screen displays
– Photovoltaic Film – for conversion of light to electricity
– Hip Joint – formed through biomaterials
– Bucky Tube Frame – this is light but remarkably very strong material
– Nano-particle paint – used to avoid corrosion
– Thermo-chromic glass – regulates light
– Magnetic Layers – used for compressed data memory storage
– Carbon Nanotube – fuel cells used to operate vehicles and electronics

In the future, nanotechnology can change the theories and applications we believe and use. The fields of manufacturing, information technology, electronics and communications have very advance future if nanotechnology is further enhanced.

November 16, 2015

Current Nanoparticles Technology

Nanotechnology is an emerging high-tech in recent years. “Nano” mainly refers to the nanometer (one length unit of measurement equal to 1 / 1000,000,000 meters) near the material scale, which manifested in different areas and for special performance called “nanotechnology”, its specific definition see the term “nanotechnology.”Copper Oxide Nanoparticles is popular today.

What is nanotechnology? It refers to a field of applied science and technology whose theme is the control of matter on the atomic and molecular levels. It makes compounds very, very small. It is supposed to deliver more effective and faster results. It makes products lighter, stronger, cleaner, and less expensive. This technology has not been thoroughly tested and we don’t know how safe it is; especially on the delicate areas of the face. The FDA has not done much research. As yet, it seems not to have any adverse effects nor have any cases emerged. However, some experts wonder about the safety because when particles get very small, they tend to develop new chemical properties. Nanoparticles can slip through skin layers, and that means they can potentially interact with the immune system and bloodstream, and possibly become toxic and damage tissue.

I did not know anything about nanotechnology until I read an article by Forbes.com, “How to Become a Billionaire.” Pete Newcomb senior editor at Forbes was answering questions on how the rich become rich. He said that to become a billionaire you need to invest, take risks, think outside the box, have big ideas and a great capacity for creative thinking, love what you do, and also think of an idea we haven’t heard of yet. Two industries of interest he mentioned were nanotech and organics. Since I am in the beauty industry and have read about organic cosmetics and not nanotech, I began to do some research. Both of these are growing markets in cosmetics. Even though nanotech was new to me, it has been around for awhile. Nippon Keidaren (Japan Business Federation) is a comprehensive economic organization born in May 2002. They forecasted that nanotech in the domestic market will gross 27 trillion by year 2010. All of the major cosmetics companies like L’Oreal, Estee Lauder, and Shisedio have nanoparticles already in many of their products. A lot of this technology is used in the anti-aging products and in sunscreens.

All major cosmetics companies do test their products and there are laws that cosmetics companies have to follow to insure products are safe, but the FDA only investigates cosmetics if safety questions emerge after a product has been on the market. The testing of nanoparticles in cosmetics continues to be tested by the big cosmetic companies using the technology. For me, the jury is still out.

I’ve worked for several cosmetics companies and tried many of their products that have this technology and have had no issues. I am not a chemist or researcher. I am a makeup artist. One of the most important aspects of makeup is the skin. After reading and learning more about nanotechnology in cosmetics, it is a bit disturbing because it may be toxic. Cosmetic companies are making these products because they are less expensive to make, they have faster results and more benefits. The companies sell whole skin care systems because they specify that they work synergistically, and have more effective results. However, whole systems may be even more toxic to the consumer, if they contain nanoparticles. Are these companies taking enough precautions to prove these products are safe? Short term, it may reduce wrinkles and lift, but long term can it cause cancer or breakdown your immune system, or damage the tissue on your face? I have changed my philosophy regarding some of these products.

To live consciously with the universe, use products that are not used in animal testing, use products that are free of parabens. Even consider making some of your own products. Try organic or natural products. If the nanoparticle in the cosmetic product is a natural compound like green tea or grapeseed extract, it is probably of no harm. But be aware of chemicals. Cosmetics are full of chemicals do you want these chemicals to enter your bloodstream and be more harmful long term. As a consumer and promoter of skin care products, I encourage my clients to do self work and study to educate themselves, ask your dermatologist. Don’t take everything said by a sales person as complete fact. If they tell you a product is going to reduce wrinkles 20% , lift your sagging skin, or make your skin soft and supple; that may happen at the moment – short term, or while your using that product continually. It may be a quick fix, but that’s not what you want when you’re caring for one of the most important organs of your body, your skin, which has a major role in protecting and presenting you. Think seriously about what you’re putting on your face and read, read, read the labels of the cosmetics you’re using.

November 6, 2015

Discovery of Silicon Carbide

Silicon carbide (SiC) with quartz sand, petroleum coke (or coal), wood chips (the production of green silicon carbide need to add salt) and other raw materials by high temperature resistance furnace smelting. Silicon carbide also exists in nature, rare mineral moissanite. Silicon carbide, also known as Moissanite. In contemporary C, N, B and other high-tech non-oxide refractory materials, and silicon carbide is the most widely used, most economical, can be called emery or refractory sand. China’s industrial production of silicon carbide is divided into two kinds of black silicon carbide, and green silicon carbide, are hexagonal crystals, a specific gravity of 3.20 – 3.25, the hardness of 2840 ~ 3320kg / mm2.

Silicon carbide was accidentally invented by Edward G. Acheson different field in 1891, while trying to manufacture artificial diamonds. A mixture of fine sand and charcoal brick is about the inner conductor resistance furnace carbon. Current passing through the furnace to bring the carbon in the coke and silica sand, a chemical reaction to form the compound of SiC and carbon monoxide gas. In the end you have a green and black crystal like components, these components after crushing and grinding into various sizes each use. The crystals were deeper, smaller purity. Some natural silicon carbide was found in Arizona Grand Canyon Diablo meteorite. Most of the sales to the worldwide silicon carbide is synthetic.

Acheson patented the method of making silicon carbide in 1893. Silicon carbide is also called carborundum because Acheson was trying to dissolve carbon in molten corundum (alumina) when this material was discovered,and now silicon dioxide nanoparticles is popular very much. It was first put to use as an abrasive and later used in electronic applications. It was also used as a detector in radios in 20th century. In 1907 LED was first produced by Henry Joseph Round by applying high voltage to silicon carbide crystals.

This chemical has low density, high strength, low thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity, high hardness, excellent thermal shock resistance, and fantastic chemical inertness. Due to its properties it is widely used in suction box covers, seals, bearings, ball valve parts, hot gas flow liners, heat exchangers, semiconductor process equipment and fixed and moving turbine components.

In today’s world it is commonly used in abrasives such as grinding, water-jet cutting, sandblasting etc. Particles of the silicon carbide are used in sandpaper. It is also found in various automobile parts such as brake disks due to its resistance to extreme temperatures. The compound is also used in the mirror of the astronomical telescope because of its rigidity and hardness and thermal conductivity. It is also used to melt glass and non-ferrous metals, production of ceramics, float glass production, steel production, as catalyst support, graphene production etc.

It is also used as a gemstone in jewelery and is referred to as “moissanite” and is similar to diamond in its hardness with a Mohs hardness rating of 9. It is much more resistant to heat and lighter than diamonds and hence has more shine, sharper facets. It has also become a very popular diamond substitute.

October 29, 2015

Antimicrobial Features of Nano Silver

Nanometer (nm) is the second smallest micron unit of measurement, a nanometer is a millionth millimeter, namely nanometer, which is one billionth of a meter. Nano-silver, nano-technology is the use of cutting-edge nano silver, nano technology appears, the silver in the nano state sterilization ability to produce a qualitative leap, little nano silver may have a strong bactericidal effect, can kill in minutes Death 650 kinds of bacteria, broad-spectrum bactericidal without any resistance, can promote wound healing, cell growth and repair of damaged cells without any toxicity, skin irritation also did not find any, which gives wide Application to antibacterial nano silver has opened up broad prospects, is the latest generation of natural antibacterial agent, nano-silver sterilization has the following characteristics:
Broad-spectrum antibiotic

Silver nanoparticles directly into the cell and oxygen metabolizing enzymes (-SH) combine to make a unique cell suffocated mechanism of action, can kill most bacteria in contact with, fungi, mold spores and other microorganisms. After eight domestic authorities found: their drug-resistant pathogens, such as E. coli, resistant Staphylococcus aureus, resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pyogenes resistant enterococci, anaerobic bacteria, which are full of antibacterial activity; surface burns and trauma of common bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and other G +, G- pathogens have a bactericidal effect; Chlamydia trachomatis, a sexually transmitted disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae also has a strong bactericidal effect.

An antibiotic can kill about six kinds of pathogens, and antibacterial coating nano silver can kill hundreds of pathogenic microorganisms. Kill bacteria, fungi, trichomonas, branch / chlamydia, gonorrhea, strong bactericidal effect of antibiotic resistant bacteria have the same role in the killing!
Potent bactericidal

It found, Ag 650 kinds of bacteria can kill within minutes. Nano silver particles and pathogens in the cell wall / membrane-bound, directly into the cell and quickly combine with oxygen metabolizing enzyme sulfhydryl (-SH), inactivating the enzyme, blocking the respiratory metabolism to suffocate it. Unique sterilization mechanism, making silver nanoparticles at low concentrations can rapidly kill pathogens.
Permeable

Silver nanoparticles with superior permeability, can rapidly penetrate the subcutaneous 2mm sterilization, for common bacteria, stubborn bacteria, resistant bacteria as well as the deeper tissue infections caused by fungi have a good bactericidal effect.
Repair and regeneration

Nano-silver can promote wound healing, promoting repair and regeneration of damaged cells, to rot myogenic, anti-bacterial anti-inflammatory improve microcirculation trauma to surrounding tissue, effectively activate and promote the growth of tissue cells, accelerate wound healing and reduce scarring generated.

Antibacterial lasting

Silver nanoparticles utilizing patented technology, outer layer of protective film can be gradually released in the human body, so the antibacterial effect.
No drug resistance

Nano-silver is a non-antibiotic agents: nano-silver can kill a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, stronger than antibiotics, antibacterial mechanism of silver nanoparticles unique 10nm size can quickly kill bacteria directly to the loss of reproductive capacity, and therefore, can not produce the next generation of drug resistance, and can effectively avoid drug resistance and cause recurrent permanently.

Silver applications in modern medicine

In 1884, the German obstetrician F. Crede (Claude), the concentration of 1% silver nitrate solution was dropped in the eyes of newborns to prevent blindness caused by neonatal conjunctivitis, the incidence of infant blindness dropped from 10% 0.2 percent, until today, many countries still using Crede prophylaxis.

In 1893, C. Von Nageli (Nag column) through a systematic study, first reported in the metal (especially silver) bacteria and other lower organisms lethal effect, so there may be a silver disinfectant. Since then, the use of silver into the modern era.

Silver in various forms used in modern medicine, comprising:

(1)silver: 0.5% silver nitrate standard solution for treating burns and wounds; 10-20% silver nitrate solution applied, it can be used for the treatment of cervical erosion.

(2)Silver sulfadiazine: Columbia University Charles L. Fox (Fox) professor and sulfadiazine silver compound, silver sulfadiazine produced its activity than the individual sulfa strong activity at least 50 times. 1968, silver sulfadiazine (Sulfadiazine Silver) introduced to the market, because of its variety of bacteria, fungi and efficient role in the killing has, naturally, painless way to completely repair the wound site without skin grafting, has become the treatment of trauma ( such as burns) important drugs. It has now been included in the national basic medical insurance drug list.

(3)colloidal silver or silver protein: an effective topical anti-infective substances, colloidal silver can be used for gynecological sterilization.

(4) silver plated materials: silver, founder of the research, AB Flick (Fleck), Dr. Silver has developed a product that is coated with a layer of silver on a bandage, used as a dressing. Inspired by him, people use silver antimicrobial resistance, have developed a silver-plated sutures, silver catheter. Currently the United States has a dozen silver-containing products, listed as a medical device to obtain FDA approval, including silver dressings, silver gelatin, silver powder and other types of medical products.

October 23, 2015

History of Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes

1985 British scientist spectrum professor at the University of Sussex American Kroto and Smalley and Curl at Rice University professor in two collaborative research, we found a high degree of symmetry of the carbon element may be formed by a cage-like 60 or 70 carbon atoms in the C60 and C70 molecular structure, known as buckyballs (Buckyballs).

In 1991, Japanese scientists Iijima at NEC preparing cathode scarring C60 for the first time by high resolution tunneling electron microscopy revealed an outer diameter of 515nm, an inner diameter of 213nm, stacked by only two coaxial cylindrical surface made of graphite-like carbon nanotubes. Then in 1993, Iijima and Bethune research group also reported the structure is very simple synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes, which is theoretically predicted properties of carbon nanotubes offer the possibility of experiments on carbon clusters to further broaden the scope of the material, also greatly contributed to the theoretical and experimental study of carbon nanotubes so that the field is now becoming a hot global research. Carbon nanotubes are following the discovery of C60 carbon allotropes with another, smaller radial dimension, the tube diameter is generally a few nanometers to several tens of nanometers, smaller diameter of the tube, some only about 1nm; and Its length is generally in the micron level, length and diameter ratio is very large, up to 103 to 106. Thus, carbon nanotubes are considered to be a typical one-dimensional nanomaterials. Since carbon nanotubes were found to mankind, has been hailed as the future of the material, it is one of the frontiers of international science in recent years. Professor Alex Zettl Berkeley University of California think, on prospects for C60 and carbon nanotubes to conduct a comprehensive comparison, C60 can be summarized with a sheet of paper, and carbon nanotubes need to complete a book.

The unique structure of multi walled carbon nanotubes determines that it has many special physical and chemical properties. Composed of carbon nanotubes C = C covalent bond is nature’s most stable chemical bond, it makes the carbon nanotube has a very excellent mechanical properties. Theoretical calculations show that carbon nanotubes have high strength and great toughness. Its theoretical value estimate Young’s modulus up 5TPa, strength is about 100 times stronger than steel, but weight density is only 1/6 of steel. Treacy and so for the first time use of the TEM measurements of the temperature within the range from room temperature to 800 degrees change MWCNTs mean square amplitude, to derive the average Young’s modulus is about multi-walled carbon nanotubes 1.8Tpa. The Salvetat and other measurements of Young’s modulus of single-walled small-diameter carbon nanotubes, and export its shear modulus 1Tpa. Wong et AFM measured bending strength multi-walled carbon nanotubes with an average of 14.2 ± 10.8GPa, and bending strength of the carbon fibers but only 1GPa. Whether it is the strength or toughness of carbon nanotubes, they are far superior to any fiber, is considered the future of the “super fiber.” It predicted that carbon nanotubes could become a new kind of high-strength carbon fiber material, both inherent nature of the carbon material, and a conductive metallic material and thermal conductivity, heat and corrosion resistance of ceramic materials, textile fibers can be woven , as well as lightweight polymer materials, ease of processing. The carbon nanotubes as composite reinforcement, is expected to show good strength, elasticity, fatigue resistance and isotropic carbon nanotube-reinforced composites can be expected to bring composites may leap. Research produced by nanotube composite material is first carried out on a metal base, such as: Fe / carbon nanotube, Al / carbon nanotube, Ni / carbon nanotube, Cu / carbon nanotube. In recent years, the focus has shifted to the carbon nanotube polymer composites / carbon nanotube composite material aspects, such as high-strength lightweight materials, the use of carbon fiber as a reinforcing material, the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes and small diameter and a large aspect ratio will bring better enhancement.